| Amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) |
Activation of TLR4 on innate immune cells, driving low-grade systemic inflammation independent of gluten itself. |
NCWS · extra-intestinal inflammation |
| Hexaploid gliadin profile |
Higher density of immunogenic gluten peptides resistant to gastric and pancreatic proteolysis. |
NCGS · GI symptoms · brain fog |
| FODMAPs (fructans) |
Rapid colonic fermentation, gas distension, osmotic load. |
IBS · bloating · post-meal fatigue |
| High glycemic index |
Rapid α-amylase action on refined starch — sharp postprandial glucose & insulin spike. |
T2D progression · weight gain · cravings |
| Phytate–mineral complexation |
Native phytic acid binds Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca; bioavailability compromised in unfermented wheat. |
Subclinical micronutrient deficiency |